In spite of advances in medicine and public health, malaria and other mosquito‐borne diseases are on the rise worldwide. Although vaccines, genetically modified mosquitoes and safer insecticides are under development, herein we examine a promising new approach to malaria control through better repellents. Current repellents, usually based on DEET, inhibit host finding by impeding insect olfaction, but have significant drawbacks. We discuss how comparative genomics, using data from the Anopheles genome project, allows the rapid identification of members of three protein (...) classes critical to insect olfaction: odorant‐binding proteins, G‐protein‐coupled receptors, and odorant‐degrading enzymes. A rational design approach similar to that used by the pharmaceutical industry for drug development can then be applied to the development of products that interfere with mosquito olfaction. Such products have the potential to provide more complete, safer and longer lasting protection than conventional repellents, preventing disease transmission by interrupting the parasite life cycle. BioEssays 25:1011–1020, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Pezdek and Lam [Pezdek, K. & Lam, S. . What research paradigms have cognitive psychologists used to study “False memory,” and what are the implications of these choices? Consciousness and Cognition] claim that the majority of research into false memories has been misguided. Specifically, they charge that false memory scientists have been misusing the term “false memory,” relying on the wrong methodologies to study false memories, and misapplying false memory research to real world situations. We review each of these claims (...) and highlight the problems with them. We conclude that several types of false memory research have advanced our knowledge of autobiographical and recovered memories, and that future research will continue to make significant contributions to how we understand memory and memory errors. (shrink)

Rationale At the request of a Dutch governmental organization, a multidisciplinary group of osteoporosis experts in the Netherlands published in 2002 a guideline on case finding, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. These guidelines were evaluated for their validity and applicability. Methods Analysis by 5 external osteoporosis experts using the 'Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation' ('AGREE') instrument. Results The score for the 6 domains of AGREE was 88% for the scope and purpose domain, 76% for stakeholder involvement, 81% (...) for rigour of development, 84% for clarity and presentation, 77% for applicability and 73% for editorial independence. For single components of the domains of AGREE, highest scores were found for systematic methods used to search for evidence (100%), inclusion of individuals from all the relevant professional groups (95%) and ease of identifying key recommendations (95%). Lowest scores to single components of the several domains were given for piloting among target users (44%). All experts recommended the guidelines for use in practice. Conclusions The AGREE instrument scored high for development, clarity and presentation but low for piloting among target users and implementation. Based on the guideline, algorithms from case finding to treatment were constructed that could be tested for piloting among target users and for implementation of the guideline. (shrink)

This is an outstanding contribution to the study of Cicero's philosophical works. Wynne argues for a nuanced view of De natura deorum and De divinatione as components of Cicero's larger philosophical project, specifically revealing how Greek philosophy might serve to moderate or clarify Roman religion. In an extensive introduction, Wynne lays out his interpretative approach, adding to the growing consensus that these texts are worth reading for more than the reconstruction of lost sources. The first chapter elaborates Cicero's project in (...) these dialogues. The central aim is to help his readers avoid the superstitious belief that the gods care more for us than they do as well as the impious belief that... (shrink)

ungster Zeit tritt allerdings im Selbstverst¨ andnis mancher Wissenschaftsbereiche die Rolle theoretischer Arbeit zunehmend zugunsten von anderen, zum Teil sachfremden Erw¨ agungen (wie etwa Aufmerksamkeit seitens von Medien und Wirtschaft) in den Hintergrund. Theoretische Arbeit wird in solchen F¨.

Die Untersuchungen betreffen die Rezeption von kantischem Denken in der Hispanidad. Es handelt sich um Akten eines Kongresses, der 1983 an der Universitat zu Koln stattfand. Die verschiedenen Reaktionen (positive wie auch kritische) auf das kantische Denken von Autoren wie M. Nieto Serrano, J.M. Rey y Heredia, K.C.F. Krause, J. Sanz del Rio, J. Zubiri und R. Torretti werden thematisiert.".

David Furley's work on the cosmologies of classical antiquity is structured around what he calls "two pictures of the world." The first picture, defended by both Plato and Aristotle, portrays the universe, or all that there is (to pan), as identical with our particular ordered world-system. Thus, the adherents of this view claim that the universe is finite and unique. The second system, defended by Leucippus and Democritus, portrays an infinite universe within which our particular kosmos is only one of (...) countless kosmoi. Aristotle's argument in De caelo I.9 that the world is necessarily unique is an important contribution to this debate. This argument holds interest because it shows Aristotle wrestling with an apparent inconsistency in his own philosophy, as deeply-held convictions within his cosmology collide with an equally deeply-held conviction within his metaphysics. The following three principles, each of which Aristotle appears committed to, are inconsistent: -/- The cosmic uniqueness principle. The world is necessarily unique. The cosmic form principle. The world is an ordered, structured unity. As such, the world has a form. The possibility of multiple instantiation principle. For all F, if F is a form, it is possible that there exist multiple Fs. In De caelo I.9, Aristotle argues that we can establish the uniqueness of the universe, reject the multiple instantiation principle, yet still retain the distinction between 'this world' and 'world in general,' if the following is true (as it is): the world takes up all the matter that exists. Aristotle illustrates this argument with one of the stranger analogies in his corpus: imagine an aquiline nose that takes up all the flesh in the universe. If this were so, then there could not exist any other aquiline objects whatsoever. (For this reason, we dub the De caelo I.9 argument the 'Cosmic Nose argument.') This paper is an interpretation of how this argument is supposed to proceed and an assessment of its success. The first section states the problem Aristotle is confronted with, sorts through Aristotle's various statements of the Cosmic Nose argument, which exhibit some sloppiness, and reconstructs charitably a single argument. We also spend some time examining the significance of Aristotle's example of a gigantic aquiline nose. We argue that, even charitably reconstructed, the argument appears to commit a serious modal fallacy. The remainder of the paper explores whether this modal fallacy can be overcome. We conclude that, although not a cogent argument for the uniqueness of the world (as this would require a significant revision of our current astronomy), the Cosmic Nose argument does succeed on its own terms. However, it should not be regarded as a free-standing argument for the uniqueness of the world. Instead, it depends crucially on the earlier argument in De caelo I.8 for the universe's uniqueness; De caelo I.9 should be viewed as an attempt to extend the conclusion of De caelo I.8 and to show how this conclusion can be made consistent with Aristotle's metaphysical principles about the nature of form. (shrink)

The discretionary powers of welfare state professionals are in tension with the requirements of the democratic Rechtsstaat. Extensive use of discretion can threaten the principles of the rule of law and relinquish democratic control over the implementation of laws and policies. These two tensions are in principle ineradicable. But does this also mean that they are impossible to come to grips with? Are there measures that may ease these tensions? We introduce an understanding of discretion that adds an epistemic dimension (...) (discretion as a mode of reasoning) to the common structural understanding of discretion (an area of judgment and decision). Accordingly we distinguish between structural and epistemic measures of accountability. The aim of the former is to constrain discretionary spaces or the behaviour within them while the aim of the latter is to improve the quality of discretionary reasoning. The focus in this article is on epistemic measures that are internally related to the main characteristic of accountability, namely justified use of discretionary power. (shrink)

Incentive programs have been criticized due to concerns that extrinsic rewards can ‘crowd out’ intrinsic motivation, and also that such programs might exert a corrupting influence on those receiving the incentive. Jonathan Wolff has argued that while these worries are in some instances well grounded, incentives can also operate by liberating people from social pressures that stand in the way of their intrinsic motivations. We further develop Wolff's insight by articulating a framework for assessing such incentives and discussing several areas (...) of public health where incentives may play a positive role. In so doing, we describe the limitations of Wolff's thesis as well as the opportunities it presents. Finally, we suggest that there is an additional attractive feature of incentives that has been overlooked, which is their capacity to serve as ‘conversation makers’. By providing people an occasion to discuss reasons for and against various health behaviors, incentives have the potential not only to impact the health behavior of individuals but to affect cultural change at the population level. (shrink)

Nikolaus von Kues, eine Schwellengestalt zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit, gewinnt in einer Zeit, die sich selbst als Ubergangsepoche wahrnimmt, wieder starkere Aufmerksamkeit. Er steht in dem noch ungewissen Morgenlicht einer Epoche, deren Abenddammerung gegenwartig vielfach diagnostiziert wird. Wichtige Themen, an denen Stellung und Bedeutung des Cusanus immer wieder aufbrechen, sind der Individualitatsbegriff, der cusanische Beitrag zur Ausbildung der modernen Naturwissenschaften, die Kreativitat des Denkens, die Reichweite seiner konjekturalen Erkenntnislehre und die gesellschaftliche Rolle der Toleranz im Dialog der Kulturen. Die kulturwissenschaftliche (...) Neuorientierung der Geisteswissenschaften schuf auch in der Cusanusforschung Raum fur neue Forschungsfelder wie das Verhaltnis von Malerei und Philosophie. Die sich seit Jahrzehnten anbahnende Neubewertung der cusanischen Philosophie wird im vorliegenden Band umfassend dokumentiert und weitergefuhrt. Alle Beitrage eint die Uberzeugung, dass die Hinterlassenschaften des Theologen, Philosophen, Naturwissenschaftlers, Mystikers, Juristen und Politikers Nicolaus Cusanus fur ein an der Praxis des menschlichen Lebens orientiertes gegenwartiges Philosophieren fruchtbar gemacht werden kann. Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert Ergebnisse von sechs selbstandigen, aber koordinierten Tagungen der internationalen Cusanusforschung aus dem Jubilaumsjahr 2014. (shrink)

Some of the commentators on Intricate Ethics complain of my method. One finds the main ideas ‘Kammouflaged’ because the relevant causal distinctions are so fine-grained and the cases that illustrate them so numerous. Some say that they do not have the intuitions about many cases that I have, that I concoct dubious and ad hoc distinctions and invest them with moral significance; I am Ptolemaic in that new crystalline spheres and epicycles are constantly being added in an attempt to fix (...) the appearances. (shrink)

El profesor F. Javier Elizari ha dedicado mucho esfuerzo y muchos años a investigar sobre aspectos muy diversos de la Bioética y la Teología Moral. Muchos de sus trabajos han sido publicados en revistas y, por ello, los que nos hemos sentido deleitados con sus agudas reflexiones y puntualizaciones veíamos necesario recoger en un único volumen varios de sus estudios más importantes. La obra actual intenta cumplir este cometido para que muchos de los estudios del profesor Elizari no quedaran difuminados (...) en la propia periodicidad de las publicaciones. De ahí nuestro intento de rescatarlas y formar con ellas un cuerpo único. Todos los trabajos recopilados se han sistematizado y estructurado en cuatro grandes ejes: La Bioética y la vida; El inicio de la vida humana; El final de la vida humana; y Cuestiones sociales. (shrink)

Together with microtubules and actin microfilaments, ∼11 nm wide intermediate filaments (IFs) constitute the integrated, dynamic filament network present in the cytoplasm of metazoan cells. This network is critically involved in division, motility and other cellular processes. While the structures of microtubules and microfilaments are known in atomic detail, IF architecture is presently much less understood. The elementary ‘building block’ of IFs is a highly elongated, rod‐like dimer based on an α‐helical coiled‐coil structure. Assembly of cytoplasmic IF proteins, such as (...) vimentin, begins with a lateral association of dimers into tetramers and gradually into the so‐called unit‐length filaments (ULFs). Subsequently ULFs start to anneal longitudinally, ultimately yielding mature IFs after a compaction step. For nuclear lamins, however, assembly starts with a head‐to‐tail association of dimers. Recently, X‐ray crystallographic data were obtained for several fragments of the vimentin dimer. Based on the dimer structure, molecular models of the tetramer and the entire filament are now a possibility. BioEssays 25:243–251, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

The study documents that the founding of the journal was the initiative of the publisher Hermann Niemeyer. It was the result of negotiations Niemeyer conducted mainly with Paul Kluckhohn and Erich Rothacker; the former sought for a literary-historical, the latter for a more scientific-philosophical orientation for the journal. The article concludes with an overview on the epistemic situation of literary studies between 1890 and 1920 which shows that the geistesgeschichtliche Bewegung emerged from an ideological reaction to the Kulturkrise and found (...) its way into the discipline of literary studies in various conceptions. (shrink)

İslam’ın bilgi kaynakları Kur’ân, Sünnet ve icmâ’dır. Bunların tamamı aynı zamanda "haber" kategorisinde yer almaktadır. İslam âlimlerinin ittifakıyla bilgi kaynağı olarak kabul edilen haber kısmı ise "mütevâtir haber"dir. İlk dönemlerinden itibaren haberi bilgi kaynağı olarak kabul etmeyen ve bu konuda Müslüman âlimlerle çeşitli polemiklere giren bazı kesimler olmuştur. Bunların başında es-Sümeniyye fırkası gelmektedir. Bu fırkanın hangi kavim veya millet/milletler olduğu yönünde bazı araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak bu çalışmaların söz konusu fırkanın hüviyeti ve bilgi kaynaklarına dair görüşleri hakkında yeterli düzeyde olduğu söylenemez. (...) İslam âlimlerince bilgi kaynağı olarak kabul edilen mütevâtir haber karşıtlığının kimlik ve düşüncelerinin aydınlatılması, bilgi değeri açısından haber konusunun daha iyi anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu vesileyle çalışmamızda farklı şekillerde telaffuz edilen Sümeniyye, Şümeniyye veya Şemeniyye’nin hüviyetine dair tartışmalar ile bilginin kaynaklarına yönelik yaklaşımı incelenmiştir. Özellikle de Sümeniyye’nin İslam âlimlerinin ittifakıyla bilgi kaynağı olarak kabul edilen mütevâtir habere yönelik yaklaşımları üzerinde durulmuştur. Bununla birlikte Müslüman âlimler ile Sümeniyye arasında geçen konuyla alakalı tartışmalara da yer verilmiştir. (shrink)

1m Juni 1971 hatte das Weizmann-Institut, die berlihmte intematio­ nale Forschungsstatte des Landes Israel, zu einem Symposium unter dem Titel "The Impact of Science on Society" nach Brlissel einge­ laden. Wahrend zweier Tage versuchten Wissenschaftler die Situ­ ation unserer heutigen, durch die Wissenschaft veriinderten Welt zu analysieren. Man fragte sich, welchen Nutzen uns die Wissenschaft gebracht habe und wohin sie uns fUhre. Stellt die Wissenschaft die hochste Ausformung des menschlichen Geistes, die groBte Kultur­ leistung dar? Wie weit geht die Verantwortung (...) des Forschers fUr die Resultate seiner Forschung? Welches ist die Rolle der Wissen­ schaft in einer klinftigen Gesellschaft? In ihren Referaten gaben die Forscher hochst individuelle und origi­ nelle Antworten zu diesem Thema. Der vollstandige W ortlaut des Symposiums wurde 1973 von A. R. MICHAELIS und H. HARVEY unter dem Titel "Scientists in Search of their Conscience" beim Springer-Verlag Berlin - Heidelberg - New York veroffentlicht. Die hiervorliegende deutsche Ausgabe habe ichaus dieser Originalausgabe stark liberarbeitet und durch einftihrende Zwischenkapitel erganzt. Dr. A. R. MICHAELIS, London, Dr. JOSEF COHN und Frau RENATE V. BAMBERG, Europaisches Komitee des Weizmann-Instituts, ZUrich, danke ich fUr die Zusammenarbeit und Hilfe bei der Abfassung der deutschen Ausgabe. Dr. DIETER GAUSS, Gottingen, und Dr. HARALD K. WIEBKING, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, bin ich fUr die redak­ tionelle Bearbeitung des Manuskripts verbunden. Gottingen, im Sommer 1974 F. CRAMER Inhaltsverzeichnis Einftihrung: Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft in unserer Zeit FRIEDRICH CRAMER........... (shrink)

The article comprises a conceptual framework to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of a global health convention. The analyses are inspired by Lawrence Gostin's suggested Framework Convention on Global Health. The analytical model takes a starting-point in events tentatively following a logic sequence: Input (global health funding), Processes (coordination, cooperation, accountability, allocation of aid), Output (definition of basic survival needs), Outcome (access to health services), and Impact (health for all). It then examines to what degree binding international regulations can create (...) order in such a sequence of events. We conclude that a global health convention could be an appropriate instrument to deal with some of the problems of global health. We also show that some of the tasks preceding a convention approach might be to muster international support for supra-national health regulations, negotiate compromises between existing stakeholders in the global health arena, and to utilize WHO as a platform for further discussions on a global health convention. (shrink)

[Vol. 1.] Text volume -- [Vol. 2.] Illustrated volume.

Im Anschluss an die Edith Stein-Gesamtausgabe (ESGA) erschliesst das Edith Stein-Lexikon das denkerische Erbe, die philosophiegeschichtliche wie phanomenologische Bedeutung Edith Steins (1891-1942) weiter und macht es im problemgeschichtlichen und systematischen Sinn sichtbar. Die von uber 40 Stein-Forschern aus verschiedenen Landern und Generationen verfassten uber 250 Artikel informieren uber Bedeutung und Genese der fur Edith Stein zentralen Begriffe und Termini. Das Lexikon wendet sich an alle am Denken Edith Steins Interessierte, an Dozierende, Studierende und an alle neugierigen Leser, die ermutigt und (...) angeregt werden, sich den Originaltexten Edith Steins zum ersten Mal zuzuwenden. (shrink)